





emanates 





ery 
ROGKERELUER INSTITUTE 


FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH 


History, Organization and 


Equipment 





NEW YORK 


THe ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH 


Ig1I 


CO RPO RAVE GOW 


Board of Trustees 


Term expires October, 1912. 


STARR JOCELYN MURPHY, A.B., LL.B., Secretary of the Corporation and of 
the Board 


SIMON FLEXNER, M.D., Sc.D., LL.D. 


Term expires October, 1913. 
JOHN DAVISON ROCKEFELLER, Jr., A.B. 


Term expires October, 1914. 


FREDERICK TAYLOR GATES, A.B., A.M., President of the Corporation and Chair- 
man of the Board 


WILLIAM HENRY’ WELCH, AB., M.D., LL.D. 


LOUIS GUERINEAU MYERS, Treasurer of the Corporation 


Board of Scientific Directors 


Term expires October, 1912. 
*CHRISTIAN ARCHIBALD HERTER, M.D. 
THEODORE CALDWELL JANEWAY, Ph.B., M.D. 
THEOBALD SMITH, Ph.B., A.M., M.D. 


Term expires October, 1913. 
HERMANN MICHAEL BIGGS, A.B., M.D. 


THEOPHIL MITCHELL PRUDDEN, S.B., M.D., LL.D., Vice President of the 
Board 


WILLIAM HENRY WELCH, A.B., M.D., LL.D., President of the Board 


Term expires October, 1914. 


SIMON FLEXNER, M.D., Sc.D., LL.D. 
LUTHER EMMETT HOLT, A.B., A.M., M.D., Sc.D., LL.D., Secretary of the Board 


JEROME DAVIS GREENE, A.B., General Manager 


*Died December 5, 1910. 


SCN S INGE Ad CAR aed Dae 


Members of the Institute 


SIMON FLEXNER, M.D., Sc.D., LL.D.; Director of the Laboratories; Pathology and 
Bacteriology 


RUFUS COLE, S.B., M.D.; Director of the Hospital; Physician to the Hospital; Medicine 
PHOEBUS AARON THEODOR LEVENE, M.D.; Chemistry 

JACQUES LOEB, M.D., Ph.D., Sc.D.; Experimental Biology 

SAMUEL JAMES MELTZER, M.D., LL.D.; Physiology and Pharmacology 


Associate Members of the Institute 


JOHN AUER, S.B., M.D.; Physiology and Pharmacology 
ALEXIS CARREL, L.B., Sc.B., M.D.; Experimental Surgery 
HIDEYO NOGUCHI, M.D.; Igaku Hakushi; Sc.M.; Pathology and Bacteriology 


Associates 


FRANK WATTS BANCROFT, S.B., S.M., A.M., Ph.D.; Experimental Biology 
ALFRED EINSTEIN COHN, A.B., M.D.; Medicine 

GEORGE WILLIAM HEIMROD, A.B., A.M., Ph.D.; Chemistry 

WALTER ABRAHAM JACOBS, A.B., A.M., Ph.D.; Chemistry 

DON ROSCO JOSEPH, S.B., S$.M., M.D.; Physiology and Pharmacology 
FRANCIS HENRY McCRUDDEN, S.B., M.D.; Chemistry 

GEORGE CANBY ROBINSON, A.B., M.D.; Medicine; Resident Physician 
PEYTON ROUS, A.B., M.D.; Pathology and Bacteriology 

BENJAMIN TAYLOR TERRY, A.B., A.M., M.D.; Pathology and Bacteriology 
DONALD DEXTER VAN SLYKE, A.B., Ph.D.; Chemistry 


Assistants 


REINHARD HEINRICH BEUTNER, Ing.D.; Experimental Biélogy 
FREDERICK JAMES BIRCHARD, A.B., Ph.D.; Chemistry 

PAUL FRANKLIN CLARK, Ph.B., A.M., Ph.D.; Pathology and Bacteriology 
ANGELIA MARTHA COURTNEY, A.B.; Chemistry 

ALPHONSE RAYMOND DOCHEZ, A.B., M.D.; Medicine; Asst. Resident Physician 
GEORGE DRAPER, A.B., M.D.; Medicine; Asst. Resident Physician 

ARTHUR WILLIAM MICKLE ELLIS, A.B., M.B.; Medicine; Asst. Resident Physician 
THOMAS STOTESBURY GITHENS, M.D.; Physiology and Pharmacology 
ISRAEL SIMON KLEINER, Ph.B., Ph.D.; Physiology and Pharmacology 
FREDERICK BURR LA FORGE, S.B., Ph.D.; Chemistry 


4 THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL ‘RESEARCH 





RICHARD VANDERHORST LAMAR, M.D.; Pathology and Bacteriology 
WILFRED HAMILTON MANWARING, S.B., M.D.; Pathology and Bacteriology 
GUSTAVE MORRIS MEYER, S.B., C.E., Sc.D.; Chemistry 

JAMES BUMGARDNER MURPHY, S.B., M.D.; Pathology and Bacteriology 
FRANCIS WELD PEABODY, A.B., M.D.; Medicine; Asst. Resident Physician 
HOMER FORDYCE SWIFT, Ph.B., M.D.; Medicine; Asst. Resident Physician 
HARDOLPH WASTENEYS; Experimental Biology 

MARTHA WOLLSTEIN, M.D.; Pathology and Bacteriology 


Fellows 


JACOB JURY BRONFENBRENNER; Pathology and Bacteriology 
ELMORE EVEREST BUTTERFIELD, M.D.; Pathology and Bacteriology 
LOUIS JOHN GILLESPIE, Ph.B., Ph.D.; Bacteriology 

WILLIAM HOWARD TYTLER, A.B., M.B.; Pathology 


Research Scholar 
HELEN LILLIAN FALES, S.B.; Chemistry 


ADMINIS TRATIV EVAN DSO. 
APPOINTMENTS 


JEROME DAVIS GREENE, A.B., General Manager 

JAMES URQUHART NORRIS, Assistant Manager 

HERMAN GOEPPER, A.B., M.B.A., Assistant Treasurer 

GEORGE HENRY ROEDER, S.B., Superintendent of the Farm 

LOUIS SCHMIDT, in charge of the Department of Illustration and Radiography 
EDITH CROWNINSHIELD CAMPBELL, A.B., in charge of Publications 
KATHERINE LILLY, Nurse in the Department of Experimental Surgery 
LILLIA MARIE DONNELL TRASK, in charge of the Library 

ANNE BOWLEY, Secretary to the General Manager 


HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATIVE STARE 


NANCY POULTNEY ELLICOTT, Superintendent 
MARY BRYCE THOMPSON, Assistant Superintendent 
FRANCES TUCKER TUCKER, Housekeeper 


Pisleo ORS Yee NDT O RS GrAVN DZ Ay ELON 


Tue Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research was founded 
in 1901 when the following persons secured its incorporation under 
the laws of the State of New York and became the first Board of 
Directors: 


Wituiam Henry We cu, M.D., Professor of Pathology in Johns Hopkins 
University, Baltimore, Md. 

Tueopuit MitcHett Pruppen, M.D., Professor of Pathology in the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University. 

CurisTIAN ArcHIBALD Herter, M.D., Professor of Pathological Chem- 
istry in the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New 
York City. 

LutHer Emmett Hott, M.D., Professor of Diseases of Children in the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University. 

Hermann Micuaet Bices, M.D., General Medical Officer of the Depart- 
ment of Health, New York City, and Professor of Therapeutics and 
Clinical Medicine in the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College, New York City. 

Smon Fiexner, M.D., Professor of Pathology in the University of Penn- 
sylvania, Philadelphia. 

THEOBALD Situ, Professor of Comparative Pathology in Harvard Uni- 
versity, Boston. 


The purpose of the Corporation, in the language of the cer- 
tificate, was “‘medical research with special reference to the 
prevention and treatment of disease.”” In 1908 the charter was 
amended by an Act of Legislature increasing the powers of the 
Corporation and enlarging the scope of its activities. The pur- 
poses of the institution were thus described by the amended 
charter: 


“The objects of said Corporation shall be to conduct, assist, and en- 
courage investigations in the sciences and arts of hygiene, medicine, and 
surgery, and allied subjects, in the nature and causes of disease and the 
methods of its prevention and treatment, and to make knowledge re- 
lating to these various subjects available for the protection of the health 
of the public and the improved treatment of disease and injury. It 
shall be within the purposes of said Corporation to use any means to 
those ends which from time to time shall seem to it expedient, includ- 
ing research, publication, education, the establishment and maintenance 
of charitable or benevolent activities, agencies or institutions appro- 
priate thereto, and the aid of any other such activities, agencies, or 
institutions already established or which may hereafter be established.” 


6 THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH 





The amended charter further defined the powers of. the Corpo- 
ration as follows: 


“By way of amplification and not by way of limitation of its powers, 
it shall further have power to build, purchase, improve, enlarge, equip 
and maintain laboratories and other buildings in the city of New York 
and elsewhere necessary or appropriate for its work; to own and operate 
land and buildings for the breeding, raising, and keeping of plants and 
animals to be used for its purposes; to furnish treatment for diseases of 
man and of animals, and to provide and maintain all necessary equip- 
ment therefor; to conduct and assist such scientific experiments or in- 
vestigations upon plants or animals as may be necessary or proper for 
carrying on its work of research; to appoint committees of experts to 
direct special lines of research; to aid, co-operate with or endow other 
associations or corporations engaged in similar work within the United 
States of America or elsewhere; to aid and co-operate with investigators 
in its own laboratories or elsewhere; to collect statistics and information, 
and to publish and distribute documents, reports, and periodicals; to 
carry on such educational work along the lines of its corporate purposes 
as it may deem wise; to provide for and furnish public instruction in 
hygiene, sanitation, and the laws of health; to conduct lectures and hold 
meetings; to acquire and maintain a library; to erect and maintain 
museums; and in general to do and perform all things necessary or con- 
venient for the promotion of the objects of the corporation or any of 
them.” 


The Corporation was authorized by the Act of 1908 to create 
by by-law or contract a Board of Trustees to which might be 
delegated such of the powers, duties, and obligations of the mem- 
bers or directors of the Corporation as might be deemed wise, 
including the power to choose directors and to have the care, 
custody, and management of the property. Pursuant to this 
authority, the Corporation, at a meeting held October 15, 1910, 
adopted by-laws, and created a Board of Trustees and a Board 
of Scientific Directors. The functions of these two boards, 
broadly stated, were, respectively, to hold the property of the 
Institute, and to control the scientific work supported by the 
annual income. The affairs of the Institute were managed by 
the original Board of Directors from 1gor until 1910, when, 
without change of personnel, the board became the Board of 
Scientific Directors in the reorganized Corporation. By authority 
of the old Board of Directors and also of the new Board of Trus- 
tees, contracts were then entered into with Mr. John D. Rockefeller 
which provided, in consideration of his furnishing an addition to 
the endowment of the Institute, that the By-laws of the Corpo- 
ration should not be altered or revised except in the manner 
therein provided. 


THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH 7 





The financial establishment of the Institute was secured in 1901 
by the pledge of Mr. John D. Rockefeller that he would give 
the sum of $200,000 for the support of the Institute during a 
period of ten years. Atthe end of the first year, Mr. Rockefeller 
promised the additional sum of one million dollars toward the 
building of a laboratory and the support of the work for the next 
nine years. From 1go1 to 1904 the funds of the Institute were 
applied only in the form of grants to support the work of inves- 
tigators in different parts of the world. In 1904, anticipating the 
completion of its own laboratory, the Institute leased a small 
building, formerly a part of the Nursery and Child’s Hospital, 
at No. 127 East Fiftieth Street, and gave it a simple equipment 
for research in pathology, physiology, and chemistry. Here the 
first investigations conducted by the Institute were begun, under 
the direction of Dr. Simon Flexner, who had been elected Di- 
rector of the laboratories of the Institute in 1902. The original 
staff consisted of Drs. Simon Flexner, S. J. Meltzer, E. L. Opie, 
ie Noouchine |e He weet, P. A. Levene, W: A: Beatty, H: S. 
Houghton, and J. Auer. 

In October, 1902, the present site of the Institute in New 
York City was chosen, and its acquisition made possible through 
Mr. Rockefeller’s purchase of the Schermerhorn estate situated 
between Avenue A and East River and extending from Sixty- 
fourth Street to a line north of Sixty-seventh Street. A plot of 
land for the immediate needs of the Institute was conveyed to 
it by Mr. Rockefeller in June, 1904. This land comprised a strip 
360 feet long and about 200 feet wide, running southward from 
Sixty-seventh Street, along the East River cliff. A Laboratory 
Building, Animal House, and Power House were erected in the 
two years succeeding, from plans drawn by Messrs. Shepley, 
Rutan and Coolidge of Boston. The cost of these buildings was 
about $300,000. ‘The formal opening took place May 11, 1906. 
In 1907, the work of the Institute was placed on a permanent 
basis by a gift from Mr. Rockefeller of $2,620,610 as an endow- 
ment fund. During the same year the Board of Directors were 
invited to submit a plan, which had been maturing since the 
foundation of the Institute, for an important extension of the 
field of medical research, namely, a means of studying human 
disease in its clinical aspects, under conditions as near as possible 
to laboratory standards of exactness and efficiency. ‘The accept- 
ance of this plan was accompanied by a pledge of $500,000 in 
1908 for the erection of a Hospital. This sum was augmented by 
subsequent gifts amounting to $170,015.20 and a transfer of 
$273,487.36 remaining unspent from the pledge of 1902. Messrs. 
York and Sawyer of New York City were chosen as architects. 


8 THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH 














The cost of the Hospital buildings and equipment was ee 
$900,000. On October 17, 1910, the new Hospital and Isolation 
Pavilion were formally opened and patients were admitted for 
treatment. On the same day, the newly organized Board of 
Trustees assumed the custody of the endowment funds and other 
property of the Institute. They also announced a new gift of 
about $3,650,000 from Mr. Rockefeller as an additional endow- 
ment to support the enlarged activities of the Institute. On 
October 14, 1911, the Trustees announced a further gift from 
Mr. Rockefeller of about $925,000 for endowment. ‘The endow- 
ment funds amounted on that date to $7,186,554.11. 

The lands of the Institute were extended in 1908 one hundred 
feet to the southward to permit the erection of the Hospital. In 
I9II, a strip of land fifty feet wide along the western boundary 
from Sixty-fifth Street to Sixty-seventh Street was acquired 
through the generosity of Mr. Rockefeller, and the area thus 
widened was extended from Sixty-fifth Street southward to Sixty- 
fourth Street, thus giving the Institute an unbroken strip of land 
from Sixty-fourth Street to Sixty-seventh Street along the East 
River cliff—a total of nearly four acres including the space 
covered by the intervening streets. At the same time access to 
the Institute from Avenue A was secured in perpetuity by the 
conveyance of a right of way bounded by an extension of the 
lines of Sixty-sixth Street from Avenue A to the Institute prop- 
erty. In 1907, a farm of about one hundred acres with buildings 
was acquired in Clyde, New Jersey, as a place for the breeding 
and care of laboratory animals and the supply of farm products. 


DEPARTMENTS OF THE INSTITUTE 


Tue Institute is composed at present of the Laboratories and 
the Hospital. ‘This division corresponds with a natural division 
of medical research into two branches, the first dealing with the 
problems of human disease in their pathological or physiological 
aspects and admitting the fullest use of the experimental method; 
the second studying disease as it actually appears in human 
beings, under conditions equally favorable to treatment and to 
scientific observation. A common motive actuates the Institute 
as a whole, namely, that of advancing knowledge and of securing 
more perfect means of preventing and healing disease. Thus 
the work of the Laboratories and Hospital is unified. Their 
common aim, and the physical connection of the different build- 
ings with each other, often admits of the same problems being 
studied both in their biological or pathological and in their 


THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH 9 








clinical aspects. In the organization of the scientific staff of 
the Institute, the principle has been recognized that the ulti- 
mate purposes of medical research and discovery may be greatly 
served by the study of biological and chemical problems that, 
as such, may appear remote from medical applications. It has 
not thus far been the purpose of the Institute to choose rare 
and strange diseases, in preference to those more prevalent or 
familiar, on which to spend its resources. On the contrary, the 
diseases now under investigation, whether in the Laboratories 
or in the Hospital, include many of those which are regarded 
as the chief scourges of mankind. 


THE GABORATORIES 


The Laboratories of the Institute are sub-divided as follows: 
Pathology and Bacteriology, Chemistry, Physiology and Phar- 
macology, Experimental Biology, Experimental Surgery. The 
Director of the Laboratories is the chief adviser of the Board 
of Scientific Directors in regard to the scientific work done in 
that department, and is the ordinary means of communication 
between the scientific staff and the Board. He also has imme- 
diate control of the work in his own subject. ‘The work in each 
of the other subjects is conducted by a Member or Associate 
Member, with a staff of assistants. 

The Laboratory Building is a fireproof structure of steel frame, 
with outer walls of yellowish gray brick and limestone. Its 
simple facade shows five full stories, and a basement which is half 
above ground. 

The basement is sub-divided into a number of rooms of various 
sizes which contain some of the machinery of the building and 
also the heavier laboratory apparatus, such as centrifuges, a 
vacuum pump, shaking apparatus, etc. One room is connected 
by a spiral stairway with the Library above and is used for the 
older files of periodicals or other little-used books. ‘Two of the 
rooms serve as storage rooms for laboratory supplies, and two 
as the Janitor’s quarters. The remaining space is available for 
various uses such as temporary storage, machinist’s and carpenter 
work, etc. 

The first floor contains the administrative offices, the Directors’ 
Room, the Library, and an Assembly Room. The Library occu- 
pies four rooms, or about one-half of the floor space. ‘The Assem- 
bly Room seats about one hundred people and is supplied with 
all connections necessary for demonstration purposes, including 
a stereopticon. This room is used for society meetings and for 
the weekly conferences of the Institute staff. 


IO THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH 





The second floor is devoted entirely to chemistry, and is divided 
into large and small rooms. The larger rooms are fitted out as 
general laboratories for a number of workers, while some of the 
smaller ones are used for special purposes; for example, the 
distillation room where alcohol and ether are redistilled, the 
hydrogen sulphide room, combustion room, etc. 

On the third floor are laboratories for experimental pathology, 
bacteriology, and protozoology. The private study of the Director 
is located at the northwest corner. The south end of the floor 
is occupied by a suite of rooms designed especially for aseptic 
surgical work. ‘This suite is composed of three rooms: in the 
first is a bathtub and a hot-air drying chamber; here the animal 
is prepared for operation. In the second room are autoclaves 
and other steam connections for the sterilization of dressings and 
instruments. The room on the east side of the building is the 
operating room. ‘There is also, in connection with this suite, a 
fourth room paved with cement, which serves as an animal room. 
Here animals after operation and other procedures are conven- 
iently kept under observation. Only small animals such as mice, 
rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and monkeys are kept in this room. 
These four rooms are connected by a corridor which also separates 
them from the main hall of the building. 

The large general laboratory for bacteriology, on the western 
side of this floor, contains a built-in hot-air room whose tempera- 
ture varies from 35 to 39 degrees C., depending upon the level at 
which this temperature is taken. This room serves for culti- 
vation and digestion experiments. In this room there is also a 
small shaking machine. 

On the fourth floor are special laboratories for experimental 
pathology, for physiology and pharmacology; preparation rooms 
and a centrifuge room. ‘The laboratories for pathology are formed 
by a series of four communicating rooms at the north end of the 
floor. They are equipped not only for ordinary pathological 
work but also for work in chemistry, including gas analysis. 

The south end of the floor space is occupied by the department 
of physiology and pharmacology. The preparation rooms are 
two rooms on the western side where bacteriological media are 
made up; here also most of the hot-air and steam sterilizations 
for bacteriological purposes are carried out. In an adjoining 
cement-floored room some of the smaller centrifuges are placed. 
These centrifuges are anchored on rubber and produce very little 
vibration when in action. ‘There are two other laboratories upon 
this floor which are designed for individual workers. 

All the laboratory rooms are equipped with hoods contain- 
ing gas, hot and cold water, electrical, and vacuum connections. 


THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH II 





The hoods of the chemical floor, in addition, are supplied with 
steam. 

The fifth floor contains, at the south end, the department of 
Experimental Biology; at the north end, rooms equipped with 
photographic appliances and other means of reproducing speci- 
mens for illustrating publications; a few special research rooms; 
and, in the center, a dining room for the scientific staff and one 
for the clerical staff. 

Each floor is provided with a large refrigerator which communi- 
cates with the main refrigeration plant in the Power House and 
with a subsidiary refrigeration plant in the basement. The 
refrigerators in the basement and in the kitchen are arranged for 
constant temperatures, while those on the second, third, and 
fourth floors are divided into three tiers of compartments so 
connected that each tier may be maintained at an independent 
temperature. 

The various floors of the building, including the roof, communi- 
cate with each other by two stairways at the northern and south- 
ern ends of the building. There is also an electric elevator. 

All the various floors and departments are connected with each 
other by a house telephone, and on each floor is a telephone booth 
for city and long distance connections. 

The roof really forms a sixth floor, for a considerable portion 
of the space has been covered by an iron house sheathed with 
copper. ‘This house has been sub-divided into a number of small 
rooms in which dogs and smaller animals are kept. Each of 
these rooms has a concrete floor and communicates with an out- 
side, tiled runway. This runway is separated by heavy wire 
fences into as many compartments as there are rooms. A sepa- 
rate room is provided for the preparation of the food for the 
animals. 

At each end of this roof house is a suite of operating rooms 
similar to that on the third floor. In the southern suite, all the 
operations of experimental surgery are carried on. ‘The operat- 
ing room of this suite faces north, and its north wall and roof are 
constructed of glass so that sufficient light is secured for the most 
delicate work. 


ANIMAL HOUSE 


For the proper housing and care of the principal stock of 
animals, an Animal House stands just north of the Laboratory 
Building. It is of ‘‘semi-fireproof”’ construction and is con- 
nected with the main building by a covered passage-way. ‘The 
first floor contains stables for horses, sheep, and goats. On the 
second floor are large, well-lighted spaces where monkeys, cats, 


I2 THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH 





rabbits, guinea pigs, and birds are housed. A small room pro- 
vided with a series of tanks is used for the storage of frogs. There 
is also a loft for the storage of grain and hay. 


HO SihaleleAsl 


Tue Hospital consists of a main building and an Isolation Pa- 
vilion. ‘The first two stories of both buildings are built of lime- 
stone, and the upper stories of the Hospital of a light brown brick 
with limestone trimmings. ‘The construction is fireproof through- 
out, steel, concrete, and terra cotta being the materials used. 
For floor surface, terrazzo is used in most of the corridors, a small 
round tile for the wards, kitchens, and laundry, hard pine for 
small rooms and a painted cement for the chemical laboratory 
and for corridors subjected to rough use. 

The main building has eleven stories, counting three basement 
floors and a housed roof. ‘The lowest basement consists of a 
gallery of eleven rooms, besides toilet and bathrooms, for the 
house-maids, built in the cliff overlooking the East River. The 
next level, known as the sub-basement, extends under both the 
main building and the adjoining Isolation Pavilion. It contains 
a large autopsy room with its adjoining pathological laboratory 
and refrigerator room, a central linen room, a sewing room, a 
capacious and well-lighted laundry, an incinerating plant, an 
ice-making tank, four large cylindrical tanks, —two for compressed 
air and two for water, — furnishing pressure service for all but the 
three lowest floors of the building, the elevator machinery in- 
cluding that of two elevators and the dumb waiter service con- 
necting the kitchen with all floors, coal bunkers, and several rooms 
for storage and other purposes. The laundry is equipped with 
two large washing machines, two centrifugal driers, a drying 
chamber through which the damp clothing is carried on a slow- 
moving endless chain, electric irons, a large and a small mangle, 
and other accessories. 

The basement has in its western end, accessible from the sunken 
driveway for ambulances and service, the rooms devoted to the 
examination of patients, whether with reference to admission, or 
to the keeping up of medical records after discharge. The rest 
of the floor is taken by the main kitchen with its stores, pantries, 
refrigerators, vegetable room, three service dining rooms, and a 
room containing the incinerator chute. 

The first or office floor contains at the western end the offices 
of the Director, the Superintendent, and the Housekeeper, a 
record room, two reception rooms, and, immediately facing the 


THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH I13 





main entrance, the general office. The rest of this floor is occu- 
pied by the resident physicians’ quarters, with accommodations 
for eight in all, besides dining and living rooms. 

The second floor is occupied exclusively by the Superintendent, 
Assistant Superintendent, and nurses. The Superintendent 
and Assistant Superintendent each have a bedroom, sitting room 
and bath. Night nurses have their sleeping rooms cut off by 
isolating corridors and double doors. A dining room, living 
room, bath and toilet rooms complete the equipment of this floor, 
which enjoys the complete separation from other parts of the 
building, made possible, on every floor, by the fact that the stair- 
ways are cut off by fireproof screens and doors. 

The third floor is devoted to patients, the greater part of the 
space being taken by single rooms, though rooms with baths are 
also provided. There are also bath and toilet rooms, work 
rooms for nurses, and a small clinical laboratory for routine 
analyses and examinations. 

The fourth, fifth, and sixth floors are identical in plan. It was, 
in fact, the arrangement of these floors that largely determined 
the plan of the whole building. At each end of the floor are the 
wards running north and south at right angles to the long axis 
of the building and exposed to the air and light on three sides. 
They are connected by a corridor, the space on either side of 
which is taken by the ward kitchen, toilet and work rooms, and 
two rooms for the separate accommodation of single patients, for 
purposes of isolation, examination, dressings, etc. ‘The wards are 
all eighteen feet wide by forty-eight feetlong. They are intended 
to contain seven beds. [ach ward opens on a loggia or balcony at 
the end of the building, where, if necessary, all the beds in the 
ward can be placed at one time. ‘The beds are mounted on large 
casters of special design, which makes it an easy matter to wheel 
them on to the balcony. The work rooms, bathrooms, and toilets 
open directly from the wards, and there is also a small clinical 
laboratory for routine work, which adjoins the west ward on each 
floor. At the northeast and northwest corners of the building, 
with direct access from the wards as well as from all the other 
floors, are enclosed fire-escape stairs leading from the ground to 
the roof. 

The only difference in the use of the three ward floors is that 
on the fourth floor the large, center room on the south of the 
corridor is occupied by a hydrotherapeutic equipment and light 
and vapor baths, while the corresponding space on the fifth floor 
is occupied by a special diet kitchen, and, on the sixth floor, by 
a constant temperature room for experiments in metabolism. 

The seventh floor is occupied exclusively by laboratories, those 


I4 THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH 





for chemical work being placed at the eastern end, the biological 
laboratories at the western end, and the physiological in the 
center. The chemical laboratories are provided with water 
under forty pounds’ pressure, gas, electricity, compressed air, 
and vacuum. A balance room, an animal room, a large constant 
temperature vault, and two stacks of refrigerators each contain- 
ing nine compartments are included in the equipment of this 
floor. 

The eighth floor or “roof” has a small operating suite intended 
rather for occasional or emergency use than for the regular accom- 
modation of surgical cases, a doctors’ wash-room, a closet for 
warming blankets, a kitchen for the service of patients who may 
be placed on the roof, a photographic and X-Ray suite, a special 
room for the storage of mattresses (the mattresses being hung ver- 
tically), toilet rooms for patients, and rooms for the ventilating 
fans. Doors at the center and ends of this floor open on large 
roof spaces, the space at the center, with southern exposure, being 
sheltered overhead. 

The ventilation of the building is of the simplest description. 
The hoods in the kitchens and laboratories are operated by fans 
on the eighth story, as are also the flues leading from the two 
large fireplaces on the inner wall of each ward. Similar artificial 
ventilation is provided for certain other rooms, but in general 
the wards and single rooms depend upon the windows and doors 
for their ventilation. 


ISOLATION PAVILION 


The basement of the Isolation Pavilion contains a special laun- 
dry and sterilizing apparatus for the clothing and bedding of 
infected patients, the infected material being dropped through a 
trapdoor in the receiving room above, into a chamber whence 
the only communication with the laundry is secured by passage 
through the sterilizers. Also in the basement are found a clinical 
laboratory, an orderlies’ room, and service rooms. 

The main floor of the Pavilion is divided by a corridor running 
east and west. On the southern side are seven single rooms, 
separated from each other by partitions of plate glass. On the 
north side are the reception room, toilet and work rooms, kitchen, 
and, at the eastern end, two more patients’ rooms, separated by 
plate glass. The Pavilion is administered as a single ward rather 
than as a series of private rooms, the glass partitions being in- 
tended to facilitate the supervision of patients. The plan of this 
ward rests upon the well-grounded assumption that the com- 


‘THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH I5 





municable diseases largely depend, for transmission from one 
person to another, upon the carrying of infectious matter by direct 
contacts. ‘The risk inherent in mere proximity is regarded as 
so slight, if any, as to be negligible. On the other hand a rigid 
aseptic technique is imposed on physicians, nurses, and others 
who have occasion to be in the ward or to go from one patient 
to another. 

The rooms or compartments of the Isolation Pavilion are 
dependent on windows and doors for the intake of fresh air. 
Ventilation is aided, however, by flues running from each room to 
the roof, in which a rising current of air is created by steam pipes. 
These flues can be thoroughly cleaned by a jet of live steam, 
turned on for as long as may be necessary. 

The second floor of the Pavilion is entirely occupied by nurses’ 
rooms, including a dining room. ‘The floor is divisible into two 
parts, the one restricted to the use of nurses in attendance on 
infectious patients, the other, accessible from the main building 
by means of a bridge, and available for other nurses. The roof 
is partially sheltered and is available for beds, or as a place for 
the recreation of nurses or patients. 


MEDICAL AND NURSING STAFF 


The medical work of the Hospital is in charge of the Director, 
who also has the title of Physician to the Hospital. In the care 
of patients he is assisted by a staff consisting of the Resident 
Physician and a number of Assistant Resident Physicians, all of 
whom are paid salaries in addition to board, lodging, and laundry 
service. ‘They are required to have had hospital experience and 
to have shown an aptitude for scientific investigation along 
clinical lines. The full utilization of the Hospital wards may 
from time to time require the service of additional resident or 
non-resident physicians. 

Special workers in chemistry, pathology, bacteriology, and 
physiology reinforce the clinical staff, in the investigations 
carried on by the Hospital. 

Only graduate nurses are employed. No training school for 
nurses is maintained by the Institute. The number of nurses 
varies not only with the number of wards that are utilized but 
also with the character of problems under investigation. 


16 THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH 








ADMISSION OF PATIENTS 


The capacity of the Hospital is about seventy beds. The work 
at any one time is confined to selected cases that bear upon a 
limited number of subjects chosen for investigation. The sub- 
jects chosen in the first year were acute lobar pneumonia, acute 
anterior poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis), syphilis, and certain 
types of cardiac disease. Patients are admitted only by the 
Resident Physician to whom cases are referred by physicians or 
hospitals, or by direct application. The Director issues bulletins 
from time to time informing physicians of the diseases chosen for 
investigation. While making the fullest use of its opportunities 
for observation and study, the Institute recognizes at all times 
the paramount right of the patient to receive the most effective 
treatment within the power of the attending physicians. A 
patient does not impair that right by the voluntary character of 
his application for admission. 


SERVICES (OF STA ERUNS DULG arrose 


Under the By-laws of the Corporation, no charge can be made 
to persons treated at the Hospital, for professional care or ser- 
vice rendered, or for board and lodging. All discoveries and 
inventions made by any person while receiving compensation 
from the Institute become the property of the Institute, to be by 
it placed freely at the service of humanity in accordance with 
the beneficent purposes of the founder. 


POWER PLANT 


Steam heat, electric light and power, and refrigeration are 
furnished for the buildings of the Institute by a Power House 
situated at the northern end of the grounds. Exhaust steam is 
used almost exclusively for heating purposes. The equipment 
of the Power House includes four 60 horse-power return tubular 
boilers; three side crank engines driving one 1too-Kilowatt and 
two 50-Kilowatt direct-current generators; one twenty-five-ton 
compression type refrigerating machine; one three-cylinder motor- 
driven vacuum pump; a machine shop, including lathe, drill 
press, shaper, pipe machine, a grindstone—all motor driven. 
The ice-making plant in the Hospital has a capacity of goo 
pounds of clear ice every twenty-four hours. The subsidiary 
refrigerating equipment in the Laboratory Building includes a 
six-ton absorption type machine. 


SUPT ETO SPINES RGU I Rey Mh COY AR Es), Sion Osa Bt De 
iplirel Gr oshen bets 


APPOINTMENTS to the scientific staff are made by the Board of 
Scientific Directors, upon the recommendation of the Director 
of the Laboratories or of the Director of the Hospital. The 
following grades are fixed by the Rules of the Board: Member 
of the Institute; Associate Member of the Institute; Associate; 
Assistant; Fellow; Scholar. Members of the medical staff of 
the Hospital may have in addition to the appropriate Institute 
titles, as above, the following titles indicating their special func- 
tions; Physician to the Hospital; Assistant Physician to the 
Hospital; Resident Physician; Assistant Resident Physician. 
Appointments of Members of the Institute are made without 
limit of time; of Associate Members for a term of years; all 
other appointments are made fora term not exceeding one year. 

As a rule all appointments to the scientific staff, whether in 
the Laboratories or in the Hospital, are made with stipend and 
engage the full time of the incumbents. No provision is made 
for the enrolment of individuals or classes for formal instruction 
in the medical sciences or in laboratory or clinical methods. 

Applications for appointment may be made at anytime. Blank 
forms of application are furnished on request. Appointments 
are ordinarily made only as vacancies occur. They may be 
sought for the purpose of permanent or indefinite association 
with the Institute, or for the purpose of temporary association 
with the Institute with one or the other of the following objects: 
(I ) Experience in methods of investigation generally, or (2) train- 
ing in a special line of investigation, or (3) opportunity to work 
more or less independently on a particular problem. ‘The quali- 
fications for appointments to the scientific staff include prelim- 
inary training such as would be represented by a medical degree, 
and, in addition, a knowledge of methods of research; or a 
training such as would ordinarily be appropriate to the higher 
degrees in the biological or physical sciences. 


GRANTS 


A LIMITED amount of money is assigned by the Board of Scientific 
Directors each year to the support of investigations carried on at 
other institutions. All applications for grants should be in the 
hands of the General Manager before May 1. Blank forms of 
application are furnished on request. Grants are made for a 


18 THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH 





single academic year ending June 30, unless otherwise agreed. 
Payments are ordinarily made by instalments, one-fourth when 
the work is begun (due notice being given to the General Manager) 
and one-fourth on each of the following dates, — October 1, 
January 1, April 1. 

A grant may be used for any purpose required for the investiga- 
tion, whether for the purchase of apparatus and materials or for 
the employment of assistants, subject to the following conditions: 
(1) A grant is not intended merely to eke out salaries or appro- 
priations paid by other institutions for the same work; the use 
of each grant must be identified with the particular problem for 
which the support of the Institute is desired. "The Board must 
be satisfied in the case of every application that the spirit of this 
rule will be carefully observed. (2) Apparatus purchased from 
grants may, at the discretion of the General Manager, be claimed 
as the property of the Institute upon the completion of the in- 
vestigation. 

A director or head of a laboratory receiving a grant from the 
Institute may recommend an assistant working under him, for 
the purposes of the grant, for formal appointment by the Board 
as Research Student, Research Scholar, or Fellow, of the Rocke- 
feller Institute. 

Unless otherwise provided it is expected that those whose work 
is aided by grants will devote their entire time to research. 

Publication of the results of investigations may be made in 
such form and place as those conducting them may select; but 
before such publication, unless otherwise arranged, the paper 
should be submitted to the General Manager for approval by the 
Board of Scientific Directors. Due acknowledgment of the aid 
granted by the Institute must accompany all publications of 
investigations, and the titles Research Student, Research Scholar, 
or Fellow, of the Rockefeller Institute, are to be used after the 
names of authors possessing them. 

A stated number of reprints of each paper are furnished to 
the Institute at its expense, the bill for the same, certified as 
correct by the author, being sent to the General Manager. ‘These 
reprints are uncut, unstitched, and uncovered, but folded, and 
the size of the page should be that of The Journal of Experimental 
Medicine (634 X 1014 inches, 17 X 26 cm.). They should be 
sent by express to the Rockefeller Institute. 

No change in the topic of investigation, nor transfer of a grant 
to another person, may be made without the consent of the Board. 

It is understood that all who receive grants in aid of research 
accept them subject to the conditions and regulations above 
stated. 


LEB IC et LE IECOPINES 
THE JOURNAL OF. EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 


Simon Firexner, M.D., and Benjamin T. Terry, M.D., Editors 


The Journal of Experimental Medicine, which was conducted by 
Dr. William H. Welch at Johns Hopkins University from 1896 
to 1905, has been published since the latter date under the 
auspices of the Institute. It is designed to cover the field of 
experimental medicine, and is a medium for the publication of 
work conducted in the laboratories of the Institute, or elsewhere 
under its grants. The Journal also accepts contributions of a 
suitable character from other sources. 

Beginning with the year 1911, The Journal of Experimental 
Medicine is published monthly. The issues of one calendar year 
make two volumes of about 600 pages each. 

Contributions should invariably be written in the English lan- 
guage, and limited preterably to twenty printed * pages, not 
counting the space occupied by illustrations. Articles which 
exceed in length twenty-five printed pages will be returned to 
the authors in order that their contents may be reduced to this 
maximum. Authors receive fifty reprints of their papers free 
of charge; additional copies may be obtained at cost. 

Subscriptions (for a year: $5.00, 21 shillings, 21 marks, 26 
francs; for single copies: 75 cents, 3 shillings, 3 marks, 4 francs) 
may be sent to the Publication Department of The Rockefeller 
Institute for Medical Research, Sixty-sixth Street and Avenue A, 
New York; to the Macmillan Company, London; to Gustav 
mea lecipzic, -or to Masson et Cie, Paris. 


MONOGRAPHS 
Under the head of Monographs of the Rockefeller Institute 


for Medical Research are published from time to time scientific 
papers which are so extensive, or require such elaborate illus- 
trations, as to render them unsuitable for current periodical 
issues. The Monographs are published at irregular periods, 
determined by the available material on hand. 

Manuscripts for which publication in the series of Monographs 
is desired should be sent to the Publication Department of the 
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Sixty-sixth Street 
and Avenue A, New York. 

Monographs will be sent post paid on application, at $1.00 
each, payable in advance by check or money order. 





20 THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH 


STUDIES 


The published results of investigations conducted in the lab- 
oratories of the Institute, or under its grants, are assembled 
at irregular intervals and bound into volumes designated Studies 
from The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. A small 
number of the Studies are distributed free of charge to libraries, 
learned societies, and laboratories in which medical research 1s 
carried on. A few copies are reserved for sale, and may be ob- 
tained at $5.00 each. 


GENERAL ADMINISTRATION 


The general administrative and financial conduct of the Insti- 
tute, as distinguished from its strictly scientific activities, is 
delegated by the Governing Boards to the General Manager. 
He is responsible to the Board of Trustees for the care of the 
grounds, buildings, and equipment of the scientific establishment. 
He is the treasurer of the Board of Scientific Directors and is 
responsible to them and to the Budget Committee of the Cor- 
poration for the proper expenditure of the income, in accordance 
with the budget. As far as possible he relieves the Director of 
the Laboratories, the Director of the Hospital, and the other 
members of the scientific staff from administrative cares, and in 
general is expected to make and keep the entire plant an efficient 
instrument in their hands for the scientific purposes of the In- 
stitute. In the Hospital the Superintendent is responsible for 
the nursing staff, housekeeping, and the purchase of supplies. 
She is assisted by an Assistant Superintendent, in direct charge 
of the nursing staff, and a Housekeeper. Stenographic service 
is provided for the scientific workers as well as for the adminis- 
trative officers. 


EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS 


The authorities of the Institute believe that the use of animals 
for the purpose of advancing the knowledge of disease, its pre- 
vention and cure, is well justified on the grounds of humanity and 
necessity. They also believe that whenever the sacrifice of any 
animal is required by the welfare of human beings, or of the lower 
animals, that sacrifice should be exacted with the least possible 
infliction of pain or distress consistent with the attainment of the 
object in view. Members of the scientific staff are required to 
conform to this standard in all operations upon animals, and the 
chief of each laboratory is held responsible for the actions of his 
assistants in this regard. 











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